HTTP

New in version 3.0.5: A few options to improve the HTTP proxy capabilities and its interaction with policy routing and firewall rules.

The HTTP proxy employed in the Endian UTM Appliance is squid, whose primary ability is to cache web requests to speed up future requests of the same page, though it has many more functionalities that allows its seamless integration with the other services described in the remainder of this section. The HTTP proxy settings page is composed of six tabs that organise a myriad of options: Configuration, Access Policy, Authentication, Web Filter, AD join, and HTTPS Proxy.

Configuration

A click on the Enable HTTP Proxy switch enables the HTTP proxy. After some seconds, necessary to start all required services, a number of controls appear in the Configuration tab, grouped into six panels: Each panel has a title, followed by a ? that shows a tooltip, and can be expanded or collapsed by clicking on the or icons located on the left of the labels.

Transparent and Non Transparent Proxy.

A transparent proxy is a proxy system combined with a gateway: Besides retrieving and caching resources, a transparent proxy allows to carry out many useful operations on the web page or resource that the client is requesting: To filter its contents, to scan it and look for viruses, or even to block information, combining different services running on the gateway. Moreover, all these activities are accomplished without requiring the user to configure in any way the client she is using.

Non-transparent proxies on the contrary, rely on the collaboration of the client to be used (e.g., configuring the proxy settings on the web browser), requiring that the user specify by hand the location of the proxy in the setting of the browser, or she will not be able to access the Internet.

See also

The configuration of a transparent proxy is explained in this tutorial.

Note

In the New Mini Arm the Cache management panel (see further on) does not appear, therefore some of the option described here will not be available .

The first setting is to select from a drop-down menu how the users in each enabled zone -GREEN, ORANGE, BLUE- can access the proxy (No drop-down menu is available for non-enabled zones):

not transparent

The proxy server is available to anyone with no need to log in, but the clients need to configure their browser manually or tell the browser to search for a proxy (i.e., using either PAC or the WPAD protocol to set up the browser’s proxy settings).

transparent

The proxy server is available to anyone and no browser configuration is needed: All the HTTP traffic is intercepted and forwarded to the proxy server, that is in charge of retrieving the requested web pages and serve them to the clients.

transparent (keep original source IP address)

This configuration is very similar to the previous option, with the only difference that every packet that leaves the proxy keeps some of the client’s original information: Its IP address, plus the zone and interface from which the traffic originated.

New in version 3.0.5.

Note

Some browsers, including Internet Explorer and Firefox, are able to automatically detect proxy servers by using the WPAD. Most browsers also support PAC, through a special URL. When using an Endian UTM Appliance as the proxy server, the URL looks like this: http://<GREENIP>/proxy.pac.

Disabling HTTP proxy per zone

To disable completely the proxy for a certain zone, the zone’s proxy must be set to transparent and the zone’s subnet (whose value can be found in Menubar ‣ Services ‣ DHCP server) must be added to the Bypass transparent proxy from SUBNET/IP/MAC field that shows up when expanding the Bypass transparent proxy panel.

Proxy settings

In the Proxy settings panel there are some global configuration options for the proxy services:

Port used by proxy

The TCP port on which the proxy server is listening for connections, which defaults to 8080.

Error Language

The language in which error messages are displayed, which defaults to the one chosen in Menubar ‣ System ‣ GUI settings.

Visible Hostname used by proxy

The hostname assumed by the proxy server, also reported at the bottom of error messages.

Email used for notification (cache admin)

The email address shown by the proxy server in error messages.

Maximum download size (incoming in KB)

The limit for HTTP file downloads. 0 means unlimited.

Maximum upload size (outgoing in KB)

The limit for HTTP file uploads (e.g., those used by HTML forms with file uploads). 0 means unlimited.

Keep source IP address

This is an option that affects all the zones that are configured as non-transparent mode. When ticked, this option allows all the packets coming from the proxy to keep some information of the client: Its IP address, plus the zone and interface from which the traffic originated.

New in version 3.0.5.

Note

Since cache management is not available in the Mini appliance, the cache admin e-mail address is not present on those appliances.

Allowed ports and ssl ports

Configuration option for the ports the clients are allowed to use when browsing:

Allowed Ports (from client)

The TCP destination ports to which the proxy server will accept connections when using HTTP. One port or one port range per line are accepted, comments are allowed and start with a #.

Allowed SSL Ports (from client)

The TCP destination ports to which the proxy server will accept connections when using HTTPS. One port or port range per line are accepted, comments are allowed and start with a #, ending at the end of the line.

Log settings

Configuration option to enable the logging facility and choosing what to log.

HTTP proxy logging

Log all the URLs being accessed through the proxy. It is a master switch, hence the following four options are enabled and can be configured only if logging is enabled, which is not by default (recall that the more is logged, the more space on the Endian UTM Appliance‘s hard disk is needed).

Query term logging

Log the parameters in the URL (such as ?id=123)

Useragent logging

Log the user agent sent by each browser.

Contentfilter logging

Log when the content of web pages is filtered

Firewall logging (transparent proxies only)

Let the firewall log the outgoing web accesses, i.e., those directed through the RED interface to the Internet. This options only works for transparent proxies.

Bypass transparent proxy

In this panel some exception to the transparent proxy (see also above) can be defined, i.e., which sources (i.e., clients) and destinations (i.e., remote servers) should be ignored by the proxy, even if it is enabled in that zone.

Bypass transparent proxy from SUBNET/IP/MAC

The sources that should not be subject to the transparent proxy.

Bypass transparent proxy to SUBNET/IP

The destinations that are not subject to the transparent proxy.

Hint

Use CIDR notation to enter subnets.

Cache management

Configuration options for the space occupied on disk by the cache and the size of the objects stored.

Cache size on harddisk (MB)

The amount in megabytes that the proxy should allocate for caching web sites on the harddisk.

Cache size within memory (MB)

The amount in megabytes of memory that the proxy should allocate for caching web sites in the system memory.

Maximum object size (KB)

The upper size limit in megabytes of a single object that should be cached.

Minimum object size (KB)

The lower size limit in megabytes of a single object that should be cached.

Note

Objects whose size does not fall within the above defined ranges will never be stored on disk, but downloaded each time they are requested by some client.

Enable offline mode

When this option is enabled (i.e., the checkbox is ticked), the proxy will never try to update cached objects from the upstream web server - clients can then browse cached, static websites even after the uplink went down.

Warning

This option proves useful to surf the Internet while the uplink is down, if the page requested has been cached before. However, this option may cause some trouble when trying to refresh a page, even with a working uplink, since the HTTP proxy would always serve the cached page. The only possibility to have a refreshed copy of a web page is in this case to clear the cache of the proxy server.

Clear cache

When this button is clicked, the cache of the proxy is erased.

Do not cache these destinations

The domains whose resources should never be cached.

Upstream proxy

If there is another proxy server in the LAN, it can be contacted before actually requesting the original resource. This panel contains configuration options for the connection between the Endian UTM Appliance and the upstream proxy.

Upstream proxy

Tick this checkbox to enable an upstream proxy and show more options. When enabled, before retrieving a remote web page that is not already in its cache, the Endian UTM Appliance‘s proxy contacts the upstream proxy it to ask for that page.

Upstream server

The hostname or IP address of the upstream server.

Upstream port

The port on which the proxy is listening on the upstream server.

Upstream username / password

If authentication for the upstream proxy is required, specify the credentials here

Client username forwarding

Tick the checkbox to forward the username to the upstream proxy.

Client IP forwarding

Tick the checkbox to forward the client IP address to the upstream proxy.

Access policy

The accesses policies are applied to every client that is connecting through the proxy, regardless of its authentication. An access policy rule is a time-based scheme that permits or prohibits accesses depending on diverse parameters about the user (e.g., the source or destination of the traffic), and the client used or the content downloaded (e.g., the user agent, the mime types, virus scanning, and content filtering).

A list of the already defined rules is displayed on the page. Any rule can specify if the web access is blocked or allowed, and in the latter case a filter type can be activated and selected. The table carries the following information for every rule listed therein: The progressive identification number (#), the name (``), the source and destination interested, the authentication type, if required, the periods in which is active, the user agents matched, and the available actions:

• - modify the policy.
• - remove the policy.
• - move the policy upwards or downwards in the list.
• - enable or disable the policy.

To add a new access policy rule, simply click on Add Access policy: A form will open, in which to configure all the parameters:

Source Type

The sources of the traffic to which this rule applies. It can be <ANY>, a zone, a list of networks, IP addresses or MAC addresses.

Destination Type

The destinations of the traffic to which this rule will be applied. This can be either <ANY>, a zone, or a list of networks, IP addresses, or domains.

Authentication

The type of authentication to apply to the clients. It can be disabled, in which case no authentication is required, group based or user based. One or more users or groups, to which to apply the policy, can then be selected among the existent ones from the list that will show up.

Hint

Authentication is only local, hence before being able to use it, at least one user or group must be created in the Authentication tab.

Time restriction

Decide whether the rule has effect on specific days and/or a time period. By default a rule is always active, but its validity can be limited to either an interval or to some days of the week. By ticking the checkbox, the following options become available:

Active days

Select one ore more days of the week.

Hint

To select two or more days, hold the CTRL keys and click the mouse button on the name of the day.

Start hour, Stop hour, Start minute, Stop minute

To fine-tune the interval of the day during which the access policy is active, select the start and end times from the drop-down menus.

Useragents

The allowed clients and browsers, as identified by their user agent, i.e., their identification string.

Mimetypes

A list of the MIME types of incoming files that should be blocked, one per line. MIME types can only be blocked (i.e., blacklisted) but not allowed (i.e., whitelisted), therefore this option is only available in Deny access policies. This option allows to block any files not corresponding to the company policy (e.g., multimedia files).

Note

The list of the available MIME types can be found in the /etc/mime.types file on any Linux box, on the official IANA web page, and also in RFC 2045 and RFC 2046.

Access policy

Select whether the rule should allow or deny the web access from the drop-down menu . If set to Deny, the Mimetypes option above is activated.

Filter profile

This drop-down menu, available when the Access policy has been set to Allow access, allows to select what type of check should the rule perform. Available options are: none for no check and virus detection only to scan only for viruses. Moreover, if any content filter profile has been created (see below), it can be applied to the rule.

Policy status

Whether the rule is enabled or disabled. Disabled rules will not be applied, the default is to enable the rule.

Position

The place where the new rule should be inserted: Lower positions have higher priority.

The available actions allow to change priority, edit, enable/disable or delete each rule from the list of rules.

Authentication

The Endian UTM Appliance‘s proxy supports four different authentication types, that are shown in the drop-down menu at the top of the page: Local Authentication (NCSA), LDAP (v2, v3, Novell eDirectory, AD), Windows Active Directory (NTLM) and RADIUS. The NCSA type stores the access credentials on the Endian UTM Appliance, whereas the other methods rely on an external server: In those cases it is mandatory to provide all the necessary information to access that server.

Underneath the drop-down menu from which to select the authentication type, two panels are present. The one above, Authentication settings contains common configuration items, while the one below changes upon the selection of the authentication type, presenting the settings that are peculiar to each method.

Authentication settings

The common items that can be configured in this panel are:

Authentication realm

The text shown in the authentication dialog and used as the realm of kerberos or winbind when joining an Active Directory Domain. When Windows Active Directory is used for authentication, the FQDN of the PDC should be used.

Hint

If the server name is localauth and the domain name is example.org, the FQDN is localauth.example.org.

Number of Authentication Children

The maximum number of authentication processes that can run simultaneously.

Authentication cache TTL (in minutes)

The time in minutes during which the authentication data should be cached, before being deleted.

Number of different IPs per user

The maximum number of IP addresses from which a user can connect to the proxy simultaneously.

User / IP cache TTL (in minutes)

The time in minutes an IP address is associated with the logged in user.

Once the common configuration form have been filled in, depending on the authentication type chosen it is possible to configure the specific settings for the authentication type selected. Local Authentication (NCSA), Windows Active Directory (NTLM), LDAP (v2, v3, Novell eDirectory, AD), RADIUS.

NCSA specific settings

NCSA user management

When clicking on the manage users button the management GUI for the users is opened, which consists of a simple list of the existing users, if any was created, and of an Add NCSA user link to add more users. A user is added by entering username and password in the form, and can later be either edited or deleted.

Hint

The password shall be at least 6 characters long.

NCSA group management

When clicking on the manage groups button the management GUI for the groups is opened which consists of a simple list of the existing groups and their members, if any was created, and of an Add NCSA group link to add more groups. A group is created by entering a group name and selecting one or more users that should belong to that group. A user may belong to more than one group.

Warning

While the same user can be legally part of one or more groups, care must be taken that the the groups the user belongs to do not define contrasting access policies. As an example, consider a user member of two groups, one with the policy to allows access to the website www.example.org, while the second group’s policy blocks the access to that web page. In this case, it is not easy to predict whether that user will be granted or not access to the site www.example.org. The management of these issues is left to the designer of the access policies.

Min password length

The minimum length for the local user’s password.

NTLM specific settings

Domainname of AD server

The active directory domain to join. The server’s FQDN should be used.

Join AD Domain

Click on the join domain button to join the domain. This action should be done only after the authentication settings have been saved and applied.

PDC hostname of AD server, PDC IP address of AD server

The hostname and the IP address of the PDC. Both hostname and IP address are needed to create the DNS entry.

BDC hostname of AD server and BDC IP address of AD server

The hostname and the IP address of the BDC, if any. Both hostname and IP address are needed to create the DNS entry.

Requirements for the use of NTLM.

In order to be able to use Windows’ native authentication with active directory (NTLM), a few conditions must be satisfied:

• The authentication settings need to be saved and applied before trying to join the domain.
• The Endian UTM Appliance must join the domain.
• The system clocks on the Endian UTM Appliance and on the active directory server must be synchronised.
• The authentication realm must be a FQDN.
• The PDC hostname has to be set to the netbios name of the Active Directory server.

Hint

The Endian UTM Appliance clock can be synchronised with the clock of the Active Directory server by issuing the following command from the shell:

net time set -S IP_OF_AD_SERVER

See also

The setup of a realm using NTLM authentication is described in this tutorial.

NTLM authentication with Windows Vista and Windows 7.

The HTTP Proxy in the Endian UTM Appliance uses negotiated NTLMv2, while both Windows Vista and Windows 7 allow by default only straight NTLMv2. As a result, a client installing those operating systems may fail to authenticate to the HTTP proxy even when supplying the correct credentials. The following changes to the client configuration are required to correctly authenticate:

1. Start ‣ gpedit.msc (run as administrator)
2. Go to: Computer configuration ‣ Windows Settings ‣ Security Settings ‣ Local Policies ‣ Security Options
3. Find the configuration option Network Security: LAN MANAGER Authentication Level
4. Select the value “Send LM * NTLM - use NTLMv2 session security if negotiated”

After applying these changes the client browser should correctly authenticate using the AD Login Name / Credentials for the HTTP Proxy.

LDAP specific settings

LDAP server

The IP address or FQDN of the LDAP server.

Port of LDAP server

The port on which the server is listening. The default value is 389.

Bind DN settings

The base distinguished name, this is the start point of the search.

LDAP type

This drop-down menu allows the choice of the type of the authentication server among Active Directory, Novell eDirectory, LDAP version 2, or LDAP version 3.

Bind DN username

The fully distinguished name of a bind DN user, which must have the permission to read user attributes

Bind DN password

The password of the bind DN user.

user objectClass

The objectClass that the bind DN user must belong to.

group objectClass

The objectClass that the bind DN group must belong to.

RADIUS specific settings

RADIUS server

The IP address or URL of the RADIUS server.

Port of RADIUS server

The port on which the RADIUS server is listening.

Identifier

An additional identifier.

Shared secret

The password to be used.

Web filter

The Endian UTM Appliance‘s content filter abilities are based on the Cyren URL filtering solution, that uses two filtering techniques which can be defined per filter profile.

The first one consists of an advanced method of web pages categorisation, based on their content, while the second method uses a combination of white- and blacklists URLs and domains: All the URLs requested by a client are looked up in this list and are only served if they are found in the whitelist.

Note

If the system has not yet been registered to Endian Network, the URL filter lists can not be downloaded. In this case, an informative message appears: By clicking on it, the registration form will open.

A profile is needed to be able to use the content filter. There is a Default profile available, which allows access to every web page and shall not be deleted. Additional profiles, that are needed in the definition of an Access policy, can easily be created. Hence, an access policies requiring a specific profile can be created only after that profile.

On the page, there is a list of the existing profiles, accompanied by a remark and by the available actions:

• - edit a profile.
• - delete a profile.

Above the table, there is a Create a profile link: When clicked, the link is replaced by the Profile Editor, that is used to configure a new profile, with the list of existing profiles shifting to the bottom of the page. The following settings can be defined:

Profile name

The name given to the profile.

Activate antivirus scan

Enable the antivirus in the content filter.

SafeSearch Enforcement

In this section it is possible to enable the SafeSearch Enforcement functionality for the supported search engines. At the moment these are:

• Google
• Bing
• Yahoo
• Yandex
• DuckDuckGo

SafeSearch Enforcement

With the standard web filtering functionality it is already possible to filter inappropriate web sites for children or students. However, this does not affect results such as preview images that are coming from the search engines.

Since search engines are caching images it is impossible to know from which website they are coming and therefore they cannot be blocked based on their category. To still be able to block inappropriate or offensive content many search engines include a SafeSearch functionality that, when enabled, will simply not include these results.

When using SafeSearch Enforcement this behaviour is being enforced for the selected search engines regardless of the user’s personal settings.

Since most search engines today are automatically using HTTPS it is necessary to enable the HTTPS Proxy.

URL Filter

The next settings come in form of panels, that can be expanded or collapsed by clicking on the or icons to the left of their title. On the far right, a small arrow shows if the contained items are all, none, or partially allowed. Those arrows can be clicked to quickly toggle the status of all the contained items.

The categories to activate for applying the content filter. Each category contains additional sub-categories, that can be individually allowed or not. A green arrow means that the (sub-)category’s items are used for content filter, while a icon means that those items are not used. A icon near the category name shows that only some of the sub-categories within it are used for content filtering.

Custom black- and whitelists

Here personalised lists of web pages can be added as always allowed (whitelist), i.e., they will always be served to the clients, or denied (blacklist), i.e., they will never be served to the clients.

Content filtering may cause both false positives and false negatives, hence list domains that should always be blocked or allowed can be entered here. This policy will be applied regardless of the results of the content filter’s analysis.

AD join

In this section it is possible to supply the credentials required to join the Active Directory Server, an operation that is only possible if in the Authentication tab the option Windows Active Directory (NTLM) has been selected.

Username of ADS admin

The username of the Active Directory Server.

Password of ADS admin

The password of Active Directory Server. It is not shown by default, but it can be displayed by ticking the checkbox on the right of the text field.

HTTPS Proxy

New in version 3.0.5: An option to forward all HTTPS traffic to an upstream proxy.

In this page it is possible to configure the proxy server for the scan of SSL-encrypted traffic, i.e., traffic through the 443 port. When enabled, squid will intercept all clients’ requests and forward them to the remote server, like in the case of HTTP requests. The only difference is that for HTTPS requests, an ‘intermediate’ certificate is needed for the client to connect via HTTPS to the Endian UTM Appliance, which then can deliver the request, retrieve the remote resource, control it, and then send it to the client who requested it.

There are three available settings in this page, divided in two parts: The first one allows the set up the HTTPS proxy, whereas the second one is used to manage the Endian UTM Appliance‘s certificate.

Enable HTTPS Proxy

Tick this checkbox to activate the HTTPS proxy. The next option will appear.

Accept every certificate

This option allows the Endian UTM Appliance to automatically accept all the certificates from the remote server, even those that are not valid or outdated.

Forward HTTPS connections directly to the Upstream proxy

When this option is used, the HTTPS traffic will be managed directly by the upstream proxy, otherwise it is managed by the Endian UTM Appliance.

Note

This option only works if an upstream proxy has been defined in the upstream proxy (See Menubar ‣ Proxy ‣ HTTP ‣ Configuration ‣ Upstream proxy).

Entries in the HTTPS proxy white-list.

When the entry is an IP address, HTTPS traffic directed to that IP will not pass from the HTTPS proxy. When the entry is a domain name, like e.g., www.example.org only that site will be bypassed. However, when using a dot . at the beginning of a domain name, all the traffic to that domain and all its subdomains will be allowed.

Examples:

93.184.216.119   allow only site https://93.184.216.119/
www.example.org  allow only site https://www.example.org/
.example.org     allow all sites ending with .example.org, like e.g.,
                 https://www.example.org/index.html
                 https://mail.example.org/mail.html
                 https://www.news.example.org/news.html
                 and so on.

Bypass HTTPS proxy for destinations

Write in the textfield the IP address or domain name of the remote web sites that should be skipped by the HTTPS proxy, one per line.

To activate the HTTPS proxy, click on Save and wait a few seconds.

The lower part can be used to either upload a certificate that will be used by the Endian UTM Appliance or to generate a new one, that will replace the one already present, if any.

Upload proxy certificate

To use an existent certificate, click on Browse..., choose the certificate on the local hard disk, then click on Upload to copy the certificate to the Endian UTM Appliance.

Create a new certificate

To create a new certificate from scratch, click on this button. A confirmation dialog box appears, requiring a confirmation. Clock on OK to proceed or on Cancel to close the dialog box and go back.

After the certificate has been uploaded or created, a new option in the form of a hyperlink will appear next to the Upload proxy certificate label:

Download

Click this hyperlink to download the certificate, which will be needed by the the clients.